This paper analyses language-related findings from the IPS Survey on Race, Religion and Language (RRL), conducted in 2013, 2018, and 2024. The latest wave is based on an approximately 45-minute self-administered survey conducted from April to August 2024, with a sample of 4,000 Singapore residents derived from Department of Statistics household listings. This included a booster sample of about 1,000 Malay and Indian respondents to support finer-grained comparisons.
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