This study analyses household survey data on water and energy climate change mitigation behaviour from eleven OECD countries in 2011, and provides new evidence of a complex relationship between climate change concerns and mitigation behaviour. Results confirm other studies that climate change concerns and economic incentives (in terms of electricity and water charges) positively influence mitigation behaviour. However we also find evidence that this relationship may be more complex in the sense that adoption of mitigation behaviour may in turn change some households’ climate change concerns. This effect more likely occurs in ‘environmentally-motivated’ households. Conversely, economic incentives in driving energy and water pro-environmental mitigation work better in non-environmentally-motivated households. This highlights that a portfolio of policies is needed to drive mitigation behaviour.