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Government-imposed Restrictions on International Economic Relations

This paper introduces the  "Government-imposed Restrictions on International Economic Relations'' (GRIER) dataset. Existing data projects have been instrumental in identifying major sanctions cases or episodes. However, legacy data are limited in their ability to account for substantive heterogeneity and temporal evolution of specific economic restrictions imposed, which has limited scholars' ability to capture the increasingly complex nature of sanctions over time. Using each restriction (i.e., the specific banned interaction across international borders) as the unit of analysis, the GRIER dataset codes all government-mandated restrictions by the EU, the UN, and the US for the years spanning 1992 to 2025. With a discussion of coding procedures and illustrations of summary statistics, we demonstrate that the GRIER dataset will help researchers test novel theories on the use, effectiveness, and consequences of sanctions on all sanctioned entities (e.g., states, individuals, and firms).

MIA Classroon
Level 10, Tower Block
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy
Thu 13 November 2025
12:15 PM - 01:30 PM