The Kazakhstan economy relies heavily on its oil and gas industry, with most of its exports transported over pipelines that run through Russia to Europe. While dependent on Europe’s oil market, Kazakhstan also has close historical and security ties with neighbouring Russia, putting them in a difficult position when the war in Ukraine broke out.

LKYSPP faculty members share their views of what’s to come in 2025 and beyond, on a range of affairs, from China’s fiscal strategy to Big Tech’s role in balancing commercial and public priorities.

Explore the kind of nuanced economic statecraft – and arenas for potential cohesion on the global stage – that can actually help both the international system overall and individual nations within it.

A former US diplomat shares his opinion on US-China relations and offers “baby steps” that both US and China could take.