{"id":2414,"date":"2023-11-20T14:08:43","date_gmt":"2023-11-20T14:08:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/?page_id=2414"},"modified":"2024-09-19T08:48:57","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T08:48:57","slug":"section-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/","title":{"rendered":"Section 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2414\" class=\"elementor elementor-2414\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7300868 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7300868\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7946d3\" data-id=\"e7946d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f9b1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b6f9b1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TRIPARTISM<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2569d72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2569d72\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c27a4ce\" data-id=\"c27a4ce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47cd911 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47cd911\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tripartism in The Early Years<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-458669c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"458669c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903486d\" data-id=\"903486d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0f92dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0f92dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>scroll to explore<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1af797b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1af797b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-91\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 150w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-112a9ff elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"112a9ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-08e2f58\" data-id=\"08e2f58\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc01ffb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc01ffb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Straits Settlement<br>Without Formal Labour Unions<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fde178 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fde178\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a42a316\" data-id=\"a42a316\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40a0a94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"40a0a94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_before1942\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Before 1942<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c953e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c953e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Singapore, together with Malacca and Penang, formed the Straits Settlements till after World War II. British intervention in the Malay peninsula saw an expansion of tin mining and rubber plantations to export raw materials to Britain and then onward to the rest of the world. The increase in such labour-intensive activities triggered a surge in demand for labourers to work in mines, plantations and construction sites.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87993d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"87993d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Chinese-coolies_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6140\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Chinese-coolies_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Chinese-coolies_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Chinese-coolies_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Chinese-coolies_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Chinese-coolies_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bcad5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bcad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Chinese coolies, c. 1880s, 1880.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Morgan Betty Bassett Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-334a132 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"334a132\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7cb04db\" data-id=\"7cb04db\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-509e27c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"509e27c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The mid-19th century also saw an increase in labour costs, forcing the government to rely heavily on convict labour for public development works. A large part of this workforce was made up of Indian prisoners.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-837ec8f\" data-id=\"837ec8f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262a5c2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"262a5c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/singapore-river_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6142\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/singapore-river_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/singapore-river_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/singapore-river_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/singapore-river_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/singapore-river_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5622559 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5622559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Singapore river, 1830.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-88b05a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88b05a9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-12889e0\" data-id=\"12889e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f5bf36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f5bf36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The British tended to hire Malays for the police force, armed forces and other unskilled roles in the public service, and by 1961 more than 50% of Malays relied on the public sector for employment.<\/p><p>The incoming surge of workers included a large influx of Chinese immigrants who were driven by poverty in China to seek a better life in Singapore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-258be09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"258be09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ship-discharging_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6146\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ship-discharging_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ship-discharging_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ship-discharging_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ship-discharging_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ship-discharging_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b239bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b239bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Ship discharging coals, Singapore, c.1910.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Andrew Tan Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e8c3bdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e8c3bdb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ad199d\" data-id=\"8ad199d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95c72dd elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95c72dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>During these early years, there were no organised labour unions to represent workers in Singapore. Workers\u2019 welfare was heavily dependent on the goodwill of employers. However, by 1877, the frequent ill-treatment of Chinese workers led to the establishment of a Chinese Protectorate in Singapore.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-58f224d\" data-id=\"58f224d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c054f1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3c054f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chinese_protectorate_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6147\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chinese_protectorate_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chinese_protectorate_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chinese_protectorate_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chinese_protectorate_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chinese_protectorate_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8468872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8468872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">The Chinese Protectorate building at Havelock Road, Singapore, 1911.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Arshak C Galstaun Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-401a5b1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"401a5b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\">One of the main functions of the Protectorate was to prevent new Chinese immigrants from approaching secret societies for help and encourage them to\u00a0 turn to the Protectorate for direct assistance instead. The numerous Chinese trade guilds or <i>hongs<\/i>\u00a0which were already involved in controlling the influx of hard labourers also assumed the informal role of negotiator between employers and workers.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e7dfbeb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e7dfbeb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3770d7c\" data-id=\"3770d7c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5703373 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5703373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_controlling_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6148\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_controlling_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_controlling_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_controlling_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_controlling_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_controlling_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b05236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b05236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Police controlling riots, 1965.<\/h5><h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56f8752 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56f8752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the 1920s, communist ideology from China reached Singapore through the arrival of new migrant labourers.<\/p><p>Through the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), the communists began to promote their anti-colonial ideology and organised several pan-Malaya strikes, calling for higher wages for Chinese workers. This paved the way for them to stir anti-colonial sentiments in future.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a3aa8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"28a3aa8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-24f180c\" data-id=\"24f180c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dda653a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dda653a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Following the Great Depression of 1929, the British administration encouraged manufacturers, mostly British, to form the Singapore Manufacturers\u2019 Association, with the aim of promoting local industries.<\/p><p>Surrounded by anti-colonialist sentiments and increasing signs of labour unrest, new legislation was introduced in the Straits Settlements in 1939 to declare trade unions lawful and require their registration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68243f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b68243f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"278\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/flower.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-248\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c52b467\" data-id=\"c52b467\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15a34c1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"15a34c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/map_malaysia_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6149\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/map_malaysia_img.jpg 533w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/map_malaysia_img-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5b15b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5b15b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Map of the Malaya Peninsula,<br \/>including the Straits Settlements, July 1911.<\/h5><h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Lim Kheng Chye Collection, courtesy of<br \/>National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-809c1a5 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"809c1a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Between 1940 and 1941, the Straits Settlements Legislative Council formally passed and implemented the Industrial Courts Ordinance and the Trade Unions Ordinance. However, there were no attempted registrations of trade unions, likely due to the onset of World War II and staff shortages.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3e5ce3 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"e3e5ce3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b628835\" data-id=\"b628835\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8db1d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f8db1d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">World War II<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea5a8c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea5a8c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ef7d42\" data-id=\"2ef7d42\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a9ee21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a9ee21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1942to1945\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1942-1945<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69ef230 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69ef230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Prior to the outbreak of World War II, the CPM established an umbrella Trade Union Federation to consolidate the support of local labour unions and organise the labour force against the Japanese invasion. However, most union activities either ceased or went underground during the Japanese Occupation from February 1942 to September 1945.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Once the Japanese forces had surrendered to the British, Singapore came under the British Military\u2019s administrative control until a civilian government took over in April 1946.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9121bb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9121bb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1284\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_itagaki_seishiro_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6150\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_itagaki_seishiro_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_itagaki_seishiro_img-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_itagaki_seishiro_img-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_itagaki_seishiro_img-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_itagaki_seishiro_img-1536x1027.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2762a06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2762a06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Arrival of Japanese Delegation led by General Itagaki Seishiro, escorted by allied military officers,\nto City Hall to sign the Instruments of Surrender, 1945.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Dr Khoo Boo Chai Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4aa8f78 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"4aa8f78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53358e8\" data-id=\"53358e8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eba6a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3eba6a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Proliferation of Labour<br>Unions Worried Employers<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f335be4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f335be4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d684f5\" data-id=\"2d684f5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7de639 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f7de639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/rattan_factory_img-r8i8won839op7o2102nxm5go1tu1js2d6bdk9gx682.jpg\" title=\"rattan_factory_img\" alt=\"black and white negative: KODAK TMAX-100 D-76 CI = .80. SBA settings neutral SBA on, color SBA on\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-915b57e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"915b57e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Rattan factory, 1948.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eef979f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eef979f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>While the British regime had worked well with leading Chinese businessmen, often appointing them to the Legislative Council and the Chinese Advisory Board, the rights and treatment of labourers were still reliant on the goodwill of their employers.<\/p><p>At the end of World War II, working conditions remained poor amid widespread unemployment and high prices of food and other necessities. Workers often worked up to 12\u201314 hours a day and were given only two days off work every year during the Lunar New Year.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a6a20e7 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a6a20e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b58d25c\" data-id=\"b58d25c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76f6868 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"76f6868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"jji\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tabs-wrapper{width:25%;flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active{border-inline-end-style:none}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:after,.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:before{height:999em;width:0;right:0;border-inline-end-style:solid}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:before{top:0;transform:translateY(-100%)}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:after{top:100%}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-horizontal .elementor-tab-desktop-title{display:table-cell}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-horizontal .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active{border-bottom-style:none}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-horizontal .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:after,.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-horizontal .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:before{bottom:0;height:0;width:999em;border-bottom-style:solid}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-horizontal .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:before{right:100%}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-horizontal .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:after{left:100%}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-content,.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-title,.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-title:after,.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-title:before,.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tabs-content-wrapper{border:1px #d5d8dc}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tabs{text-align:start}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tabs-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-title{cursor:pointer;outline:var(--focus-outline,none)}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-desktop-title{position:relative;padding:20px 25px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;border:solid transparent}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active{border-color:#d5d8dc}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:after,.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-desktop-title.elementor-active:before{display:block;content:\"\";position:absolute}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-desktop-title:focus-visible{border:1px solid #000}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-mobile-title{padding:10px;cursor:pointer}.elementor-widget-tabs .elementor-tab-content{padding:20px;display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-tabs .elementor-tab-content,.elementor-tabs .elementor-tab-title{border-style:solid solid none}.elementor-tabs .elementor-tabs-wrapper{display:none}.elementor-tabs .elementor-tabs-content-wrapper{border-bottom-style:solid}.elementor-tabs .elementor-tab-content{padding:10px}}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tabs{display:flex}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tabs-wrapper{flex-direction:column}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tabs-content-wrapper{flex-grow:1;border-style:solid solid solid none}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-view-horizontal .elementor-tab-content{border-style:none solid solid}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-alignment-center .elementor-tabs-wrapper,.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-alignment-end .elementor-tabs-wrapper,.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-alignment-stretch .elementor-tabs-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-alignment-center .elementor-tabs-wrapper{justify-content:center}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-alignment-end .elementor-tabs-wrapper{justify-content:flex-end}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-alignment-stretch.elementor-tabs-view-horizontal .elementor-tab-title{width:100%}.elementor-widget-tabs.elementor-tabs-alignment-stretch.elementor-tabs-view-vertical .elementor-tab-title{height:100%}.elementor-tabs .elementor-tab-mobile-title{display:none}}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1241\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">RESURFACING OF UNION LINKED TO COMMUNIST PARTY OF MALAYA &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1242\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">GENERAL LABOUR UNION\u2019S LARGEST STRIKE &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1243\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">STATE OF EMERGENCY DECLARED &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1244\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">FORMATION OF EMPLOYERS\u2019 TRADE UNION &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">RESURFACING OF UNION LINKED TO COMMUNIST PARTY OF MALAYA &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1241\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1241\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2809\" class=\"elementor elementor-2809\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae53b6d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae53b6d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c9dd32\" data-id=\"1c9dd32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe3e93f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe3e93f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1946-1949<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d79bc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d79bc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">RESURFACING OF UNION LINKED TO COMMUNIST PARTY OF MALAYA<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84c6b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a84c6b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After the war, the <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communist Party of Malaya<\/span> (CPM) resumed its anti-colonial agenda and activities. Blurring the lines between championing workers\u2019 rights and anti-colonial sentiments, the CPM established a General Labour Union in Singapore and promoted it vigorously. This struck a chord with many Chinese-speaking industrial workers who saw the union as a solution to their poor working conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e1db91\" data-id=\"5e1db91\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06555af elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"06555af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6173\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fbc94e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0fbc94e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Aerial view of the Singapore river &amp; the waterfront, 1950.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: R Browne Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">GENERAL LABOUR UNION\u2019S LARGEST STRIKE &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1242\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1242\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2894\" class=\"elementor elementor-2894\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-33dc005 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"33dc005\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2178fa\" data-id=\"a2178fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f7e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4f7e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">January 1946<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f8385d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f8385d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">GENERAL LABOUR UNION\u2019S LARGEST STRIKE<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4db9f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4db9f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The General Labour Union established by the CPM held its largest strike in January 1946 that lasted for 24 hours and involved 170,000\u2013200,000 workers. The union later re-constituted itself as the Singapore Federation of Trade Unions in August 1946. It gradually came to represent over 56,000 workers through 72 affiliated trade unions by mid-1947. However, while the union seemed independent, it was still subsumed under the CPM\u2019s leadership.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54d9372\" data-id=\"54d9372\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8083993 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8083993\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6173\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e92951 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e92951\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Aerial view of the Singapore river &amp; the waterfront, 1950.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: R Browne Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">STATE OF EMERGENCY DECLARED &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1243\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1243\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2909\" class=\"elementor elementor-2909\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-04ccb9f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"04ccb9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c9ea1a\" data-id=\"4c9ea1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba8f32b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba8f32b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1107d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d1107d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><figure class=\"alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"tab-img aligncenter wp-image-6173 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><figcaption style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Sarabun';\">Aerial view of the Singapore river &amp; the waterfront, 1950.<br \/>Credit: R Browne Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><strong><span style=\"font-family: Roboto; font-size: 25px; font-style: inherit;\">June 1948<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bf8140 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" style=\"margin-bottom: 50px;\" data-id=\"9bf8140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'B612 Mono', Sans-serif; font-size: 25px;\"><strong>STATE OF EMERGENCY DECLARED<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><\/div><\/div><p>In early 1948, a decision taken by the Conference of World Federation of the New Democratic Youth Leagues in Calcutta to resort to armed struggles influenced the Singapore Federation of Trade Unions to organise several pan-Malayan strikes. In one incident, three British planters in Perak were killed.<\/p><p>In response, a State of Emergency was declared by the government in June 1948, resulting in both the CPM and the union being outlawed. The Emergency Regulations were also designed to freeze the funds of the union. Shortly after, officials of the Singapore Federation of Trade Unions went into hiding along with the union&#8217;s account books, documents, and funds.<\/p><p>The Emergency Regulations however did not outlaw legitimate trade union activities. Instead, they intensified rivalry among emerging trade unions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2713810 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2713810\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\n.tab-img {\n    width: 90%;\n}\n#elementor-tab-content-1243 > div > section > div > div > div > div > div > div.elementor-element.elementor-element-d1107d3.elementor-widget.elementor-widget-heading > div > figure > img {\n    margin-left: 40px; \n}\n<\/style>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">FORMATION OF EMPLOYERS\u2019 TRADE UNION &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1244\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1244\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2918\" class=\"elementor elementor-2918\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4082862 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4082862\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-297b6e9\" data-id=\"297b6e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e5b600 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e5b600\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">July 1948<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fed5a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7fed5a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FORMATION OF EMPLOYERS&#8217; TRADE UNION<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e5ebc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e5ebc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over 20 employers in Singapore formed the Federation of Industrialists and Traders, a trade union of employers, to protect their collective interests against growing anti-colonial sentiments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f3396f\" data-id=\"3f3396f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-621a00c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"621a00c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6173\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a70b1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a70b1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Aerial view of the Singapore river &amp; the waterfront, 1950.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: R Browne Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b88c425 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-full_width elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b88c425\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e026ed\" data-id=\"6e026ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-208ad7e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"208ad7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"jjo\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3411\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">RESURFACING OF UNION LINKED TO COMMUNIST PARTY OF MALAYA &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3412\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">GLU\u2019S LARGEST STRIKE &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3413\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">STATE OF EMERGENCY DECLARED &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3414\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">FORMATION OF EMPLOYERS\u2019 TRADE UNION &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">RESURFACING OF UNION LINKED TO COMMUNIST PARTY OF MALAYA &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3411\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2809\" class=\"elementor elementor-2809\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae53b6d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae53b6d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c9dd32\" data-id=\"1c9dd32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe3e93f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe3e93f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1946-1949<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d79bc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d79bc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">RESURFACING OF UNION LINKED TO COMMUNIST PARTY OF MALAYA<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84c6b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a84c6b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After the war, the <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communist Party of Malaya<\/span> (CPM) resumed its anti-colonial agenda and activities. Blurring the lines between championing workers\u2019 rights and anti-colonial sentiments, the CPM established a General Labour Union in Singapore and promoted it vigorously. This struck a chord with many Chinese-speaking industrial workers who saw the union as a solution to their poor working conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e1db91\" data-id=\"5e1db91\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06555af elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"06555af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6173\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fbc94e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0fbc94e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Aerial view of the Singapore river &amp; the waterfront, 1950.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: R Browne Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">GLU\u2019S LARGEST STRIKE &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3412\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3412\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2894\" class=\"elementor elementor-2894\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-33dc005 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"33dc005\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2178fa\" data-id=\"a2178fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f7e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4f7e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">January 1946<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f8385d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f8385d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">GENERAL LABOUR UNION\u2019S LARGEST STRIKE<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4db9f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4db9f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The General Labour Union established by the CPM held its largest strike in January 1946 that lasted for 24 hours and involved 170,000\u2013200,000 workers. The union later re-constituted itself as the Singapore Federation of Trade Unions in August 1946. It gradually came to represent over 56,000 workers through 72 affiliated trade unions by mid-1947. However, while the union seemed independent, it was still subsumed under the CPM\u2019s leadership.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54d9372\" data-id=\"54d9372\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8083993 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8083993\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6173\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e92951 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e92951\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Aerial view of the Singapore river &amp; the waterfront, 1950.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: R Browne Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">STATE OF EMERGENCY DECLARED &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3413\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2909\" class=\"elementor elementor-2909\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-04ccb9f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"04ccb9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c9ea1a\" data-id=\"4c9ea1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba8f32b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba8f32b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1107d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d1107d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><figure class=\"alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"tab-img aligncenter wp-image-6173 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><figcaption style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 13px; font-family: 'Sarabun';\">Aerial view of the Singapore river &amp; the waterfront, 1950.<br \/>Credit: R Browne Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/figcaption><\/figure><p><strong><span style=\"font-family: Roboto; font-size: 25px; font-style: inherit;\">June 1948<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bf8140 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" style=\"margin-bottom: 50px;\" data-id=\"9bf8140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ffffff; font-family: 'B612 Mono', Sans-serif; font-size: 25px;\"><strong>STATE OF EMERGENCY DECLARED<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><\/div><\/div><p>In early 1948, a decision taken by the Conference of World Federation of the New Democratic Youth Leagues in Calcutta to resort to armed struggles influenced the Singapore Federation of Trade Unions to organise several pan-Malayan strikes. In one incident, three British planters in Perak were killed.<\/p><p>In response, a State of Emergency was declared by the government in June 1948, resulting in both the CPM and the union being outlawed. The Emergency Regulations were also designed to freeze the funds of the union. Shortly after, officials of the Singapore Federation of Trade Unions went into hiding along with the union&#8217;s account books, documents, and funds.<\/p><p>The Emergency Regulations however did not outlaw legitimate trade union activities. Instead, they intensified rivalry among emerging trade unions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2713810 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2713810\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\n.tab-img {\n    width: 90%;\n}\n#elementor-tab-content-1243 > div > section > div > div > div > div > div > div.elementor-element.elementor-element-d1107d3.elementor-widget.elementor-widget-heading > div > figure > img {\n    margin-left: 40px; \n}\n<\/style>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">FORMATION OF EMPLOYERS\u2019 TRADE UNION &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u2022<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3414\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3414\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2918\" class=\"elementor elementor-2918\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4082862 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4082862\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-297b6e9\" data-id=\"297b6e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e5b600 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e5b600\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">July 1948<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fed5a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7fed5a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FORMATION OF EMPLOYERS&#8217; TRADE UNION<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e5ebc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e5ebc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over 20 employers in Singapore formed the Federation of Industrialists and Traders, a trade union of employers, to protect their collective interests against growing anti-colonial sentiments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f3396f\" data-id=\"3f3396f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-621a00c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"621a00c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6173\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resurfacing_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a70b1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a70b1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Aerial view of the Singapore river &amp; the waterfront, 1950.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: R Browne Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b91137 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b91137\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-123f95c\" data-id=\"123f95c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4e1a26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4e1a26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1951\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1951<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-585a53d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"585a53d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">These developments helped to pave the way for the formation of the Singapore Trades Union Congress (STUC) in 1951 under the leadership of Lim Yew Hock, and the STUC subsequently became an affiliate of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">As much as the STUC sought to be more inclusive in representing workers, its composition remained largely English-speaking. In its first annual congress in September 1951, fewer than 30 unions joined, and many of the larger industrial unions did not.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-412f5e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"412f5e8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-17e5a44\" data-id=\"17e5a44\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aa7aad elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8aa7aad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/labour_department_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6152\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/labour_department_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/labour_department_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/labour_department_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/labour_department_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/labour_department_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5008d96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5008d96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Registration of workers at the Labour Department, 1950.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8472bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8472bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1953\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1953<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-97bd582 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"97bd582\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-fcab4b4\" data-id=\"fcab4b4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d35942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d35942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In contrast, the employers\u2019 union \u2013 the Federation of Industrialists and Traders \u2013 was growing. While its name was changed to the Singapore Employers Federation in 1953, its core members were primarily British multinational companies seeking to protect their commercial interests against local trade unions by coordinating wage levels, stabilising labour markets and preventing divide-and-rule tactics by unions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a3311e\" data-id=\"4a3311e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c5969 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"46c5969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_andrew_road_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6153\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_andrew_road_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_andrew_road_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_andrew_road_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_andrew_road_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_andrew_road_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f30caed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f30caed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">&#8220;Let Singapore City Flourish&#8221; sign across St. Andrew&#8217;s Road presented by Ho Ho Biscuit Factory Limited, 1951.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Wong Kwan Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-dd71f85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dd71f85\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-06a8593\" data-id=\"06a8593\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8022b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8022b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>During this period, employers and unions were not in consultation with each other over labour issues such as wages, working conditions and contracts. Furthermore, many Chinese-educated workers who belonged to the private sector and had formerly joined the CPM-linked Singapore Federation of Trade Unions were not represented by the English-speaking STUC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7977534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7977534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Regardless, the government promoted the growth and development of trade unions by relaxing restrictions on their activities. This in turn encouraged the formal registration of trade unions that sought to represent Chinese-educated industrial workers. The Singapore Factory and Shop Workers\u2019 Union (SFSWU) and\u00a0Singapore Bus Workers\u2019 Union (SBWU)\u00a0were two prominent unions that were formed during this time.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5772ecd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5772ecd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6154\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img.jpg 533w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9a5a79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9a5a79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Banners in Chinese at entrance calling workers to cooperate with each other, 1955.<\/h5><h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66efda5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"66efda5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-961b8eb\" data-id=\"961b8eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d9098 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37d9098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Age of Industrial Action<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0f5a3d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0f5a3d6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2446a06\" data-id=\"2446a06\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3ba6c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3ba6c9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5e7af9\" data-id=\"f5e7af9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1e35b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1e35b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As the trade union landscape became increasingly divided, so did Singapore\u2019s political landscape. Several political parties began to prepare for Singapore\u2019s partial self-governance as proposed by the British Commission. Many of these parties represented an anti-colonial stance and pushed for an independent Singapore. They also depended on trade unions as their main electoral support.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-43cc820\" data-id=\"43cc820\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f859e61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f859e61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6155\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/banner_chinese_img2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e8827f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e8827f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Banners in Chinese outside gate calling workers to support each other, 1955.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d70c7f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d70c7f5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2154866\" data-id=\"2154866\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f61520 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8f61520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1507\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/operate_machine_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6156\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/operate_machine_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/operate_machine_img-300x235.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/operate_machine_img-1024x804.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/operate_machine_img-768x603.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/operate_machine_img-1536x1206.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff56c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff56c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Workers operating the machines inside a factory, 1954.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9e4e98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9e4e98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Singapore Labour Party and Singapore Socialist Party aligned with unions of the STUC. On the other hand, the People\u2019s Action Party (PAP), which was inaugurated in November 1954, aligned with unions that belonged to the Chinese-speaking faction, including the SFSWU, SBWU and, by extension, the Singapore Chinese Middle School Student Union.<\/p><p>These unions had grown rapidly. For instance, starting with only 200 workers, the SFSWU expanded to over 30,000 members within ten months.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e7fbf53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e7fbf53\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-35ac8cd\" data-id=\"35ac8cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b928f49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b928f49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1955\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1955<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-986d5fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"986d5fa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c713928\" data-id=\"c713928\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-501cd4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"501cd4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bus_park_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6157\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bus_park_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bus_park_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bus_park_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bus_park_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bus_park_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08fcb53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08fcb53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Buses parked next to gates with banners in Chinese calling on workers to band together, 1955.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20bdaec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20bdaec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Following a watershed election for the Legislative Assembly in 1955 which saw the Labour Front form the government, many Chinese-speaking trade unions began taking a militant stance as they believed the new government had colonial leanings and had modelled their goals on those of the British Labour Party. While these trade unions were initially meant to be championing labour rights, they took on more political fervour in the name of resisting colonialism. Fighting against employers became synonymous with fighting the colonial government.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc22ece elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc22ece\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-95c5f9d\" data-id=\"95c5f9d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8ee59e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8ee59e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The relationship between the Chinese-speaking community and the British administration became increasingly strained. From April to September 1955, more than 270 strikes took place, compared to only 13 strikes in the previous two years combined. These strikes involved more than 50,000 workers and a record loss of 946,000 man-days.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2cf810c\" data-id=\"2cf810c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7101b70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7101b70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_erect_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6158\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_erect_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_erect_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_erect_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_erect_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/police_erect_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e626a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2e626a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Police erect barricades in Chinatown during the Hock Lee bus riots, 1955.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Francis Lee Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-26dfcbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"26dfcbc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2303154\" data-id=\"2303154\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4311268 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4311268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The worst of these strikes was the Hock Lee Bus Company riot in May 1955, resulting in 31 injuries and 4 deaths. While Chief Minister David Marshall intervened to plead with the bus company\u2019s management not to fire workers who had joined the newly formed SBWU, his efforts were futile and only further angered the workers.<\/p><p>Related to this riot was a 142-day strike by bus workers of the Singapore Traction Company, the longest strike in post-war Singapore. The series of bus-related strikes brought all bus services to a halt for about a month that same year.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1d9e76\" data-id=\"d1d9e76\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5074058 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5074058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/riot_police_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6159\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/riot_police_img.jpg 533w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/riot_police_img-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8abe837 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8abe837\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Riot police attending to injured victims at\nHock Lee Bus Riots, 1955.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit:\u00a0 Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection,<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6da200a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6da200a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6add578\" data-id=\"6add578\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942fce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"942fce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1956\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1956<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee54ea6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee54ea6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Things took a turn for the worse when workers from the SFSWU joined a planned one-day strike in September 1956 to support students protesting the closure of the Singapore Chinese Middle School Student Union.<\/p><p>The tipping point was in October 1956, when the government of Lim Yew Hock, who replaced David Marshall as Chief Minister of Singapore, approved a Special Branch Security Operation and arrested more than 250 unionists, including PAP\u2019s co-founders Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan. The Registrar of Society also dissolved the SFSWU on the basis that it was used for purposes inconsistent with its objectives and rules.<\/p><p>While the number of small unions continued to rise, the number of strikes and man-days lost declined following the arrests.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c509e9e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"c509e9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fffffc5\" data-id=\"fffffc5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87fc457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"87fc457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Transitioning Towards<br>Industrial Peace<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e851773 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e851773\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e4d498a\" data-id=\"e4d498a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486531a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"486531a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1958\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1958<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09dfca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09dfca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Between 1956 and 1958, talks between the British Colonial Office and several members from the Singapore Legislative Assembly culminated in self-government in Singapore, through the adoption of the 1958 State of Singapore Constitution. The Singapore government was given full internal governing powers, except for internal security and defence matters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-55df8fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55df8fc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-87f09a4\" data-id=\"87f09a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39fc81b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"39fc81b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sce_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6160\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sce_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sce_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sce_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sce_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sce_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd54380 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd54380\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce organises &#8220;Singapore Constitution Exposition&#8221; at Old Kallang Airport to celebrate self-government, 1959.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c20e259\" data-id=\"c20e259\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63ce5b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"63ce5b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_election_campaign_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6161\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_election_campaign_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_election_campaign_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_election_campaign_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_election_campaign_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/general_election_campaign_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bb73f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2bb73f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">General election campaign by political parties, 1959.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32d588e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"32d588e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1959\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1959<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1e646c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1e646c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-ursx6lyn54fz\" data-node=\"ursx6lyn54fz\"><div class=\"fl-module-content fl-node-content\"><div class=\"fl-rich-text\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\">With the new constitution, an election for 51 seats in the Legislative Assembly was held in May 1959. The PAP won the election with the large support base it had accumulated by supporting several unions. The new PAP government, led by Lee Kuan Yew who became Singapore\u2019s first prime minister, aimed to achieve \u201cindustrial peace with justice\u201d. The government made it a top priority to unify and strengthen the trade union movement, while minimising disruptions to Singapore\u2019s society and economy.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">The government knew that it had to play the role of arbitrator between the trade unions and employers. It introduced the Trade Unions (Amendment) Bill which gave the Registrar of Trade Unions powers to reject or deregister trade unions, purportedly to ensure effective representation of workers and prevent jurisdictional disputes between trade unions. Meanwhile, the government strongly encouraged aligned and allied trade unions to amalgamate. For instance, a Federation of Land Transport Workers was subsequently formed by the SBWU, the Singapore Traction Company Employees Union and the Singapore Taxi Drivers Union.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">More importantly, the government passed the Industrial Relations Ordinance that established an Industrial Arbitration Court (IAC) in 1960.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ac95f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"66ac95f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pap_election_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6162\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pap_election_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pap_election_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pap_election_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pap_election_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pap_election_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba6c685 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba6c685\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">PAP election rally in Chinatown, 1959.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-61b632a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"61b632a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5fefc5f\" data-id=\"5fefc5f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c8c868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c8c868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1961\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1961<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0f267a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f0f267a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Industrial Arbitration Court<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f12d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55f12d9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-380caca\" data-id=\"380caca\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6978516 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6978516\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"677\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img-1024x677.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6163\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img-1536x1016.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2139606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2139606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Industrial Arbitration Court &#8211; case being heard in the court, 1962.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit:\u00a0Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d9cdf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d9cdf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Under the Industrial Relations Ordinance (1960) which established the IAC in 1960, the IAC could make contract rules, including on wage matters, on behalf of the relevant parties when they could not reach a consensus. The IAC could also interpret and apply contract rules as well as implement a general system of collective bargaining.\u00a0<\/p><p>However, both workers and employers had to be willing to partake in its proceedings. Under the Industrial <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relations<\/span> Ordinance, in order to refer disputes to the IAC, the workers and the employers had to jointly agree to enter arbitration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c33b379 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c33b379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the IAC, the parties in dispute could only speak through representatives, such as industrial relations officers appointed by them. Both parties also had to accept that industrial action would not be permitted once the IAC has taken up the dispute.<\/p><p>If neither of the parties agreed to take the dispute to arbitration, the Minister of Labour or the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State) could refer the dispute to the IAC.\u00a0<\/p><p>The IAC process thus helped to set the stage for all parties &#8211; government, employers and employees &#8211; to participate in dispute resolution, providing a precedent for a tripartite approach to industrial relations in Singapore. The IAC also contributed to the reshaping of attitudes towards industrial relations among tripartite partners through the institutionalisation of collective bargaining.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccf8d18 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccf8d18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9e704c\" data-id=\"c9e704c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-813d8d0 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"813d8d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\n    .elementor-widget-image .widget-image-caption{\n        font-size:12.6px !important;\n        font-family:'sarabun';\n        margin-top:10px;\n        padding:0;\n    }\n<\/style>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-23f1d8d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23f1d8d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f88b5a8\" data-id=\"f88b5a8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52725f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"52725f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1270\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6164\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img2-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img2-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img2-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/industrial_arbitration_court_img2-1536x1016.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1424a9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1424a9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Industrial Arbitration Court &#8211; case being heard in the court, 1962.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1fa0f2f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1fa0f2f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fe3aba\" data-id=\"2fe3aba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d85763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d85763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Former IAC President Tan Boon Chiang, recounted how the IAC worked with the trade unions:<\/p><p>\u201cAt the beginning, it was difficult. But later on, they became more flexible and were able to concede to one another. You give me point A and I concede point B to you. So that sometimes, after two or three days of hearing they can settle [the dispute amicably]. It is very easy that way. So, when the problems are resolved, I would direct them back to the registrar, they produced a written award and I approved the written awards. And of course, by that time, [the IAC] had set some patterns&#8230; so many previous collective agreements agreed upon and approved&#8230; and they become the precedents for your next negotiation. So that brought about industrial peace&#8230; So in that sense, the IAC was a kind of pioneer at that time on how we can make tripartism succeed&#8230; The maturing process is slow. You cannot pinpoint a particular period of time when suddenly they became friendly.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d752af elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d752af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1812669\" data-id=\"1812669\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c08ade5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c08ade5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbff75f\" data-id=\"cbff75f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-281732d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"281732d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Some compromises also had to be made by employers. For instance, in its 1960\/61 annual report, the Singapore Employers Federation \u201cdid not consider that a system of compulsory arbitration such as was proposed was the best method of bringing about real and lasting industrial peace in Singapore.\u201d A few years later however, it acknowledged in its 1966\/67 report that in most cases, the IAC had upheld employers\u2019 right to retrench workers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c763091 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c763091\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rise of National Trades Union Congress (NTUC)<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ba1dc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ba1dc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"sec1-wrap3\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Following the passing of the Industrial <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relations<\/span> Ordinance, the government published a strategy paper titled \u201cThe Labour Movement and Industrial Expansion\u201d. The paper sought to define the role of organised labour and called for industrial peace amid Singapore\u2019s competition for investors against Hong Kong. The STUC secretariat also supported this strategy. However, it was to be only a temporary consensus between the government and the STUC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-651b635 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"651b635\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbb0ba9\" data-id=\"bbb0ba9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f558845 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f558845\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disagreements arose over Singapore\u2019s inclusion within the larger Federation of Malaya, which manifested during the 1961 by-election in Anson and later led to a split within the PAP.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e6baeb5\" data-id=\"e6baeb5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-206c086 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"206c086\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/barisan_sosialis_img-1024x669.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6165\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/barisan_sosialis_img-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/barisan_sosialis_img-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/barisan_sosialis_img-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/barisan_sosialis_img-1536x1003.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/barisan_sosialis_img.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66e8051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66e8051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Barisan Sosialis protest banners and posters on merger during Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew&#8217;s walkabout in Joo Chiat Constituency, 1963.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8fc1a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8fc1a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prior to the election, six PAP leaders who were also STUC secretaries issued a statement that the merger with Malaya was not urgent.<\/p><p>This contributed to the defeat of the STUC President who was standing as a PAP candidate in the by-election.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb3e081 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb3e081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"sec1-diff\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The differing priorities led to the expulsion of 13 PAP assemblymen who later formed the Barisan Sosialis (Socialist Front), and the dissolution of the STUC. To fill the void left by the STUC, a Singapore Association of Trade Unions (SATU) was formed by the Barisan Sosialis faction, and a National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) was established by the remaining supporters of the PAP. In terms of size, SATU had a larger representation \u2013 commanding most of the existing trade unions &#8211; while only 12 of 95 unions allowed the NTUC to represent them. SATU continued to stage strikes &#8211; more than 70 strikes involving almost 40,000 workers &#8211; to oppose Singapore\u2019s merger with Malaya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d9c6bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0d9c6bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8bbed6\" data-id=\"c8bbed6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77efb09 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"77efb09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"522\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/proclamation_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-6166\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/proclamation_img.jpg 522w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/proclamation_img-196x300.jpg 196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5908c83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5908c83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">The Proclamation of Singapore&#8217;s merger with Malaysia on 16 September 1963, signed by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, 1963.<\/h5><h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f17e12e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f17e12e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, SATU\u2019s prominence was short-lived. An inquiry by the Registrar of Trade Unions into the affairs of the Singapore Harbour Board Staff Association (which was under SATU) was followed by the Registrar\u2019s cancellation of seven unions\u2019 certificates. These actions were taken on the grounds that they had participated in communist activities which threatened state security.<\/p><p>More than 100 pro-communist and anti-Malaysia leaders were arrested, many of whom were SATU\u2019s leading figures. After SATU called unsuccessfully for a two-day island-wide strike to protest the Registrar\u2019s actions against various SATU-led unions, several unions began to leave the umbrella of SATU. At least five SATU-led unions joined the Singapore Manual and Mercantile Workers Union, which was an affiliate of the NTUC. In October 1963, the Registrar refused the registration of SATU as a federation of unions on the basis that the organisation was veering towards unlawful purposes.<\/p><p>Meanwhile, the merger with Malaya proceeded. On 16 September 1963, Singapore became part of the Federation of Malaysia, together with Malaya, Sarawak and North Borneo (now Sabah). This lasted until 9 August 1965 when Singapore separated from Malaysia and became an independent nation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-efc9024 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"efc9024\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f693994\" data-id=\"f693994\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcd25e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"edcd25e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1964\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1964<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-782954c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"782954c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-84ccb62\" data-id=\"84ccb62\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26044fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26044fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The NTUC was formally registered in 1964 and began to strengthen its relations with the PAP government. The senior leadership of the NTUC called upon the PAP government to be more involved in the congress\u2019s mission. The Secretary General of the NTUC at the time, Devan Nair, requested then Acting Minister for Labour, Ong Pang Boon, to establish a centralised labour research unit to increase the union\u2019s in-house expertise on labour-employer matters. The government accepted the NTUC\u2019s proposal and seconded several public servants to the unit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dce017 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1dce017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/devan_nair_img-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6167\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/devan_nair_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/devan_nair_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/devan_nair_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/devan_nair_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/devan_nair_img.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2046b11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2046b11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Devan Nair at the first NTUC annual delegates conference, 1962.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives\nof Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ea2557 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ea2557\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-00da974\" data-id=\"00da974\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8282c9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8282c9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1965\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1965<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2156e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2156e8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ec96fb\" data-id=\"9ec96fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f47c66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f47c66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By October 1965, the research unit became incorporated into the NTUC. Equipped with technical knowledge and expertise in negotiating union cases with employers, the NTUC also presented union cases before the IAC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-341a698 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"341a698\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d077cd1\" data-id=\"d077cd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616cbf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616cbf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The NTUC began to work closely with employers to maintain industrial peace with the view of expanding the Singapore economy through faster industrial growth.\u00a0<\/p><p>For instance, the NTUC declared a joint Charter for Industrial Progress in January 1965 with the Singapore Manufacturers\u2019 Association and the Singapore Employers Federation. The Charter established the parties\u2019 commitment to work as partners in the industrialisation agenda, while supporting the formation of a State Economic Consultative Council for developing and implementing socio-economic policies.<\/p><p>The NTUC established a Productivity Code of Practice which called for parties to jointly refer to arbitration any dispute which could not be resolved through direct negotiations, rather than taking industrial action. Furthermore, the Code of Practice called for long-term collective agreements of up to three years to be concluded based on fairness and justice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7e44f2\" data-id=\"a7e44f2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e3905d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e3905d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/may_day_img-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6168\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/may_day_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/may_day_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/may_day_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/may_day_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/may_day_img.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae1c11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae1c11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">May Day rally organised by NTUC at National Theatre, 1965.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca9b2ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ca9b2ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/trade_union_house_img-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6169\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/trade_union_house_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/trade_union_house_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/trade_union_house_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/trade_union_house_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/trade_union_house_img.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b123b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66b123b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">(Front row, from left) Minister for Law and National Development E. W. Barker, Secretary-General of NTUC C. V. Devan Nair, and NTUC Chairman Ho See Beng at the closing ceremony of NTUC Convention held at Trade Union House in Shenton Way, 1965.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2546be6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2546be6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/afro-asian_img-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6170\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/afro-asian_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/afro-asian_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/afro-asian_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/afro-asian_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/afro-asian_img.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4234b2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4234b2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Afro-Asian trade unionists attending the Second Convention of NTUC, meet reporters, 1965.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5071f9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5071f9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over time, the NTUC grew its international presence; from organising a week-long \u201cInternational Labour Seminar on the Problems of Workers in Developing Countries\u201d in October 1965 involving trade unionists from 34 countries, to visiting African countries as a member of the Malaysian Goodwill Mission to Africa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d223c7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d223c7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"nice\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In 1965, Singapore became a full member of the International Labour Organization and was elected a member of the Asian Advisory Committee at its International Labour Conference. During 1968-69, Singapore was also chosen as the venue for several international trade union meetings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2300746 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2300746\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccb995b\" data-id=\"ccb995b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-506ec37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"506ec37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reformulating union regulations and employment conditions<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c00c1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c00c1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As Singapore gained independence from the Federation of Malaysia in 1965, the PAP government instituted reforms to reduce industrial action and increase arbitration as a mode of resolution.<\/p><p>The Trade Unions (Amendment) Act was passed in August 1966, disqualifying non-Singapore citizens and persons with criminal records from holding office in or being employed by trade unions. The Act also restricted statutory board employees to joining the unions representing their respective statutory boards, in order to limit the influence of larger public sector unions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c6636 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c6636\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9a61416\" data-id=\"9a61416\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb59d7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cb59d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1967\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1967<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-54f8100 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54f8100\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7413c7d\" data-id=\"7413c7d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8b4f39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8b4f39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act was amended in 1967, making it unlawful for workers to go on strike, and for employers to lock workers out, in essential services such as water, gas and electricity. Additionally, for those working in essential services, strikes or lockouts required at least 14 days\u2019 notice.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4939004 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4939004\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30c50ff\" data-id=\"30c50ff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33c0ae9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33c0ae9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1968\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1968<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c255ed8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c255ed8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1dd6edd\" data-id=\"1dd6edd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9870e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9870e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Government then amended the Industrial Relations Act in 1968 to redefine the scope of collective bargaining between management and trade unions. Specifically, the Act gave management full discretionary powers over matters relating to recruitment, proposal, dismissal, retrenchment and transfer of workers, thereby making these matters non-negotiable for workers. The IAC would not, in most cases, hear disputes concerning the dismissal or reinstatement of an employee. Instead, the Minister for Labour would review such cases and, where appropriate, order an employer to reinstate or compensate the affected employee. The Act also extended the duration of collective bargaining agreements from the previous range of 1.5\u20133 years to a minimum of three years and up to five years.<\/p><p>An Employment Act was also introduced in 1968 to link wages to efficiency and productivity. A ceiling was introduced to the number of annual and sick leave days that could be taken while standardising the working week to 44 hours.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f5c9447 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f5c9447\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9163071\" data-id=\"9163071\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4843405 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4843405\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-579b531\" data-id=\"579b531\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16b8501 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16b8501\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In his 1979 May Day Message, Singapore\u2019s founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew said:<\/p><p>\u201cThe close co-operation between the political and the union leadership made modern Singapore. It is both history and today\u2019s reality. We have advanced because the government and the unions moved in tandem. Promising unionists were fielded by PAP to be Members of Parliament. And PAP Members of Parliament with no union experience have been inducted into union activities. The future of Singapore depends on our strengthening this symbiosis between government and unions. We must strengthen these relationships to make our future secure.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7e6fb0\" data-id=\"c7e6fb0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f388a1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f388a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shenton_way_img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6171\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shenton_way_img.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shenton_way_img-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shenton_way_img-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shenton_way_img-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shenton_way_img-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d38f27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d38f27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Guests and union members at the NTUC&#8217;s 1979 May Day Rally at Singapore Conference Hall, Shenton Way, 1979.<\/h5><h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d231fae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d231fae\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18336a4\" data-id=\"18336a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-774c257 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"774c257\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2fa23e8\" data-id=\"2fa23e8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e82f476 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e82f476\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">As industrial actions slowed over time, union membership fell. Between 1964 and 1968, labour union membership fell by 20%. The PAP government took this opportunity to strengthen its relationship with the union movement.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">First, it co-opted several central committee members of the NTUC to stand as parliamentary candidates in the 1968 general elections. Then, in a bid to revive participation in the labour movement, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew gave the opening address at an NTUC seminar on \u201cModernisation of the Labour Movement\u201d in November 1969, calling for the union movement to shed its role as \u201ca combat organization&#8230; for class war\u201d. Other PAP leaders, including S. Rajaratnam and Goh Keng Swee, also delivered keynote speeches persuading unionists to look after the interests of workers while identifying the unions\u2019 interests with those of the nation. In the same vein, then secretary-general of the NTUC, Devan Nair, expounded on the need for tripartism, calling on trade unions to shoulder the responsibility for workers\u2019 performance as part of their industrial relations.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">A tripartite body was proposed by the NTUC that would consist of representatives from the government, management and organised labour. It would be responsible for formulating and implementing industry-specific wage guidelines whilst considering the economic performance of the country.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c361f5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c361f5c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec644d3\" data-id=\"ec644d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08bbce4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08bbce4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"section1_1970\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1970<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f46b162 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f46b162\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f308cc1\" data-id=\"f308cc1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec35e1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec35e1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Following the establishment of the IAC and the introduction of various labour-related policies and legislation in the 1960s, the number of strikes dipped from nearly 200 in 1963 to fewer than 50 per year from 1964 onwards. The number of man-days lost to industrial action declined in parallel.<\/p><p>Conversely, the number of awards delivered by the IAC relating to industrial disputes increased ten-fold by 1963, as compared to that in its first 15 months of operation. As a result of the surge in industrial dispute cases, a second Court was constituted in 1962. This Court ceased functioning in 1970 as dispute cases gradually fell.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84d1173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84d1173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Man-days lost to industrial action (\u2018000), 1960-1983<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99a881e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"99a881e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"774\" height=\"564\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/TC-wage-setting-case-chart.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1803\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/TC-wage-setting-case-chart.png 774w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/TC-wage-setting-case-chart-300x219.png 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/TC-wage-setting-case-chart-768x560.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed7381f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed7381f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -20px;\"><span class=\"cf0\"><br \/>Source: Albert Winsemius, <\/span><span class=\"cf1\"><em>The Dynamics of a Developing Nation\u2013Singapore<\/em>, 1984.<\/span><!--EndFragment --><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-12a5fca elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12a5fca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-726de17\" data-id=\"726de17\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d6be5f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d6be5f6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b240d02\" data-id=\"b240d02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdd02d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdd02d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The concept of a wages council was floated by Finance Minister Hon Sui Sen during a Singapore Manufacturers Association dinner in June 1971:<\/p><p>\u201c\u2026 wages and benefits will have a tendency to rise. It will be necessary to devise bonus and incentive schemes or establish wages councils wherein increases in wage costs on an industry basis can be coolly considering in the interest of both employers and workers, and of the public represented by the government.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b7aeb38\" data-id=\"b7aeb38\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-776cc9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"776cc9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"692\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hon_sui_sen_img-1024x692.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6172\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hon_sui_sen_img-1024x692.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hon_sui_sen_img-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hon_sui_sen_img-768x519.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hon_sui_sen_img-1536x1038.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hon_sui_sen_img.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-180f0f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"180f0f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"font-size: 13px;\">Minister for Finance Hon Sui Sen inaugurates Securities Industry Council at Monetary Authority of Singapore office, City Hall, 1973.<\/h5>\n<h6 style=\"font-size: 11px; margin-top: -5px;\">Credit: Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-83529b9 elementor-section-stretched elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"83529b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae47462\" data-id=\"ae47462\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b3552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7b3552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.23.0 - 15-07-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aba66e elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2aba66e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html lang=\"en\">\r\n  <head>\r\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\r\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\r\n  <\/head>\r\n  <body>\r\n    \r\n    <div class=\"timeline_section1\">\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl1\" href=\"#section1_before1942\">Before 1942<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl2 \" href=\"#section1_1942to1945\">1942-1945<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl4\" href=\"#section1_1951\">1951<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl5\" href=\"#section1_1953\">1953<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl7\" href=\"#section1_1955\">1955<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl7\" href=\"#section1_1956\">1956<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl6\" href=\"#section1_1958\">1958<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl8\" href=\"#section1_1959\">1959<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl9\" href=\"#section1_1960\">1960<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl10\" href=\"#section1_1961\">1961<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl14\" href=\"#section1_1963\">1963<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl15\" href=\"#section1_1964\">1964<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl16\" href=\"#section1_1965\">1965<\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"sec1Timeline tl16\" 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}\n<\/style>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-82d6785 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"82d6785\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-190b989\" data-id=\"190b989\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc67c28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc67c28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #782540;\"><a style=\"color: #782540;\" href=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/section-2\/\">NEXT SECTION: TRIPARTISM IN WAGE NEGOTIATION<\/a><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e575fc4 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e575fc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-91\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 150w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 300w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 1024w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 1536w, https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Group-50.svg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d1d1219 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d1d1219\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-86266ca\" data-id=\"86266ca\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d1e62c elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1d1e62c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<!--<div id=\"loading\" class=\"loadContainer\">-->\n<!--<div class=\"loader\"><\/div>-->\n<!--<\/div>-->\n<!--<style>-->\n\n<!--.loadContainer{-->\n<!--\tjustify-content: center;-->\n\n<!--\talign-items: center;-->\n<!--\tdisplay: none;-->\n\t\/*position: fixed;*\/\n\t\/*width:100%;*\/\n\t\/*height: 100%;*\/\n\t\/*top:0;*\/\n\t\/*left:0;*\/\n\t\/*background-color: black;*\/\n\t\/*opacity: 80%;*\/\n<!--}-->\n\n<!--.loader {-->\n\t\n<!--\t border-top: 6px solid #ecdecf;-->\n<!--        border-right: 6px solid #434f84;-->\n<!--        border-bottom: 6px solid #c59a6f;-->\n<!--        border-left: 6px solid #782f40;-->\n<!--        border-radius: 50%;-->\n<!--      width: 30px;-->\n<!--      height: 30px;-->\n<!--      animation: spin 2s linear infinite;-->\n<!--  }-->\n\n<!--  @keyframes spin {-->\n<!--  0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }-->\n<!--  100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }-->\n<!--}-->\n<!--<\/style>-->\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b3f3f elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"78b3f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<!--<script>-->\r\n<!--window.onscroll = function(ev) {-->\r\n<!--    try {-->\r\n      \r\n\r\n        \/\/ Script to navigate to the next page when scrolled to the bottom\r\n<!--        if ((window.innerHeight + window.scrollY) >= document.body.offsetHeight) {-->\r\n<!--            console.log(\"Scrolled to the bottom!\");-->\r\n<!--            document.getElementById(\"loading\").style.display = \"flex\";-->\r\n\r\n<!--            setTimeout(function() {-->\r\n<!--                console.log(\"Redirecting...\");-->\r\n<!--                location.href = \"csu\/section-2\/\";-->\r\n<!--            }, 100);-->\r\n<!--        }-->\r\n<!--    } catch (error) {-->\r\n<!--        console.error(\"An error occurred:\", error);-->\r\n<!--    }-->\r\n<!--};-->\r\n<!--<\/script>-->\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>TRIPARTISM Tripartism in The Early Years scroll to explore A Straits SettlementWithout Formal Labour Unions Before 1942 Singapore, together with Malacca and Penang, formed the Straits Settlements till after World War II. British intervention in the Malay peninsula saw an expansion of tin mining and rubber plantations to export raw materials to Britain and then &#8230; <a title=\"Section 1\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Section 1\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2414","page","type-page","status-publish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2414","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2414"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2414\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6903,"href":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2414\/revisions\/6903"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lkyspp.nus.edu.sg\/research\/case-insights-unit\/tripartism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}